/*
 * Copyright (c) 2000, 2025, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
 * DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER.
 *
 * This code is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
 * under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 only, as
 * published by the Free Software Foundation.  Oracle designates this
 * particular file as subject to the "Classpath" exception as provided
 * by Oracle in the LICENSE file that accompanied this code.
 *
 * This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
 * ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
 * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License
 * version 2 for more details (a copy is included in the LICENSE file that
 * accompanied this code).
 *
 * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License version
 * 2 along with this work; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
 * Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.
 *
 * Please contact Oracle, 500 Oracle Parkway, Redwood Shores, CA 94065 USA
 * or visit www.oracle.com if you need additional information or have any
 * questions.
 */

package sun.misc;

import java.lang.foreign.Arena;
import java.lang.foreign.MemoryLayout;
import java.lang.foreign.MemorySegment;
import java.lang.foreign.ValueLayout;
import java.lang.invoke.VarHandle;
import java.lang.reflect.Field;
import java.security.CodeSource;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Set;

import jdk.internal.vm.annotation.ForceInline;
import jdk.internal.vm.annotation.Stable;
import jdk.internal.misc.VM;
import jdk.internal.reflect.CallerSensitive;
import jdk.internal.reflect.Reflection;

/**
 * A collection of methods for performing low-level, unsafe operations.
 * Although the class and all methods are public, use of this class is
 * limited because only trusted code can obtain instances of it.
 *
 * <em>Note:</em> It is the responsibility of the caller to make sure
 * arguments are checked before methods of this class are
 * called. While some rudimentary checks are performed on the input,
 * the checks are best effort and when performance is an overriding
 * priority, as when methods of this class are optimized by the
 * runtime compiler, some or all checks (if any) may be elided. Hence,
 * the caller must not rely on the checks and corresponding
 * exceptions!
 *
 * @apiNote
 * This class pre-dates the introduction of {@link VarHandle}, low-level access to
 * memory with {@linkplain java.lang.foreign}, and other standard APIs. New code
 * should not use this API.
 *
 * @author John R. Rose
 * @see #getUnsafe
 */

public final class Unsafe {

    static {
        Reflection.registerMethodsToFilter(Unsafe.class, Set.of("getUnsafe"));
    }

    private Unsafe() {}

    private static final Unsafe theUnsafe = new Unsafe();
    private static final jdk.internal.misc.Unsafe theInternalUnsafe = jdk.internal.misc.Unsafe.getUnsafe();

    /**
     * Provides the caller with the capability of performing unsafe
     * operations.
     *
     * <p>The returned {@code Unsafe} object should be carefully guarded
     * by the caller, since it can be used to read and write data at arbitrary
     * memory addresses.  It must never be passed to untrusted code.
     *
     * <p>Most methods in this class are very low-level, and correspond to a
     * small number of hardware instructions (on typical machines).  Compilers
     * are encouraged to optimize these methods accordingly.
     *
     * <p>Here is a suggested idiom for using unsafe operations:
     *
     * <pre> {@code
     * class MyTrustedClass {
     *   private static final Unsafe unsafe = Unsafe.getUnsafe();
     *   ...
     *   private long myCountAddress = ...;
     *   public int getCount() { return unsafe.getByte(myCountAddress); }
     * }}</pre>
     *
     * (It may assist compilers to make the local variable {@code final}.)
     *
     * @throws  SecurityException if the class loader of the caller
     *          class is not in the system domain in which all permissions
     *          are granted.
     */
    @CallerSensitive
    public static Unsafe getUnsafe() {
        Class<?> caller = Reflection.getCallerClass();
        if (!VM.isSystemDomainLoader(caller.getClassLoader()))
            throw new SecurityException("Unsafe");
        return theUnsafe;
    }

    //| peek and poke operations
    //| (compilers should optimize these to memory ops)

    // These work on object fields in the Java heap.
    // They will not work on elements of packed arrays.

    /**
     * Fetches a value from a given Java variable.
     * More specifically, fetches a field or array element within the given
     * object {@code o} at the given offset, or (if {@code o} is null)
     * from the memory address whose numerical value is the given offset.
     * <p>
     * The results are undefined unless one of the following cases is true:
     * <ul>
     * <li>The offset was obtained from {@link #objectFieldOffset} on
     * the {@link java.lang.reflect.Field} of some Java field and the object
     * referred to by {@code o} is of a class compatible with that
     * field's class.
     *
     * <li>The offset and object reference {@code o} (either null or
     * non-null) were both obtained via {@link #staticFieldOffset}
     * and {@link #staticFieldBase} (respectively) from the
     * reflective {@link Field} representation of some Java field.
     *
     * <li>The object referred to by {@code o} is an array, and the offset
     * is an integer of the form {@code B+N*S}, where {@code N} is
     * a valid index into the array, and {@code B} and {@code S} are
     * the values obtained by {@link #arrayBaseOffset} and {@link
     * #arrayIndexScale} (respectively) from the array's class.  The value
     * referred to is the {@code N}<em>th</em> element of the array.
     *
     * </ul>
     * <p>
     * If one of the above cases is true, the call references a specific Java
     * variable (field or array element).  However, the results are undefined
     * if that variable is not in fact of the type returned by this method.
     * <p>
     * This method refers to a variable by means of two parameters, and so
     * it provides (in effect) a <em>double-register</em> addressing mode
     * for Java variables.  When the object reference is null, this method
     * uses its offset as an absolute address.  This is similar in operation
     * to methods such as {@link #getInt(long)}, which provide (in effect) a
     * <em>single-register</em> addressing mode for non-Java variables.
     * However, because Java variables may have a different layout in memory
     * from non-Java variables, programmers should not assume that these
     * two addressing modes are ever equivalent.  Also, programmers should
     * remember that offsets from the double-register addressing mode cannot
     * be portably confused with longs used in the single-register addressing
     * mode.
     *
     * @deprecated Use {@link VarHandle#get(Object...)} or
     * {@link MemorySegment#get(ValueLayout.OfInt, long)} instead.
     *
     * @param o Java heap object in which the variable resides, if any, else
     *        null
     * @param offset indication of where the variable resides in a Java heap
     *        object, if any, else a memory address locating the variable
     *        statically
     * @return the value fetched from the indicated Java variable
     * @throws RuntimeException No defined exceptions are thrown, not even
     *         {@link NullPointerException}
     */
    @Deprecated(since="23", forRemoval=true)
    @ForceInline
    public int getInt(Object o, long offset) {
        beforeMemoryAccess();
        return theInternalUnsafe.getInt(o, offset);
    }

    /**
     * Stores a value into a given Java variable.
     * <p>
     * The first two parameters are interpreted exactly as with
     * {@link #getInt(Object, long)} to refer to a specific
     * Java variable (field or array element).  The given value
     * is stored into that variable.
     * <p>
     * The variable must be of the same type as the method
     * parameter {@code x}.
     *
     * @deprecated Use {@link VarHandle#set(Object...)} or
     * {@link MemorySegment#set(ValueLayout.OfInt, long, int)} instead.
     *
     * @param o Java heap object in which the variable resides, if any, else
     *        null
     * @param offset indication of where the variable resides in a Java heap
     *        object, if any, else a memory address locating the variable
     *        statically
     * @param x the value to store into the indicated Java variable
     * @throws RuntimeException No defined exceptions are thrown, not even
     *         {@link NullPointerException}
     */
    @Deprecated(since="23", forRemoval=true)
    @ForceInline
    public void putInt(Object o, long offset, int x) {
        beforeMemoryAccess();
        theInternalUnsafe.putInt(o, offset, x);
    }

    /**
     * Fetches a reference value from a given Java variable.
     *
     * @deprecated Use {@link VarHandle#get(Object...)} instead.
     */
    @Deprecated(since="23", forRemoval=true)
    @ForceInline
    public Object getObject(Object o, long offset) {
        beforeMemoryAccess();
        return theInternalUnsafe.getReference(o, offset);
    }

    /**
     * Stores a reference value into a given Java variable.
     * <p>
     * Unless the reference {@code x} being stored is either null
     * or matches the field type, the results are undefined.
     * If the reference {@code o} is non-null, card marks or
     * other store barriers for that object (if the VM requires them)
     * are updated.
     *
     * @deprecated Use {@link VarHandle#set(Object...)} instead.
     */
    @Deprecated(since="23", forRemoval=true)
    @ForceInline
    public void putObject(Object o, long offset, Object x) {
        beforeMemoryAccess();
        theInternalUnsafe.putReference(o, offset, x);
    }

    /**
     * @deprecated Use {@link VarHandle#get(Object...)} or
     * {@link MemorySegment#get(ValueLayout.OfBoolean, long)} instead.
     *
     * @see #getInt(Object, long)
     */
    @Deprecated(since="23", forRemoval=true)
    @ForceInline
    public boolean getBoolean(Object o, long offset) {
        beforeMemoryAccess();
        return theInternalUnsafe.getBoolean(o, offset);
    }

    /**
     * @deprecated Use {@link VarHandle#set(Object...)} or
     * {@link MemorySegment#set(ValueLayout.OfBoolean, long, boolean)} instead.
     *
     * @see #putInt(Object, long, int)
     */
    @Deprecated(since="23", forRemoval=true)
    @ForceInline
    public void putBoolean(Object o, long offset, boolean x) {
        beforeMemoryAccess();
        theInternalUnsafe.putBoolean(o, offset, x);
    }

    /**
     * @deprecated Use {@link VarHandle#get(Object...)} or
     * {@link MemorySegment#get(ValueLayout.OfByte, long)} instead.
     *
     * @see #getInt(Object, long)
     */
    @Deprecated(since="23", forRemoval=true)
    @ForceInline
    public byte getByte(Object o, long offset) {
        beforeMemoryAccess();
        return theInternalUnsafe.getByte(o, offset);
    }

    /**
     * @deprecated Use {@link VarHandle#set(Object...)} or
     * {@link MemorySegment#set(ValueLayout.OfByte, long, byte)} instead.
     *
     * @see #putInt(Object, long, int)
     */
    @Deprecated(since="23", forRemoval=true)
    @ForceInline
    public void putByte(Object o, long offset, byte x) {
        beforeMemoryAccess();
        theInternalUnsafe.putByte(o, offset, x);
    }

    /**
     * @deprecated Use {@link VarHandle#get(Object...)} or
     * {@link MemorySegment#get(ValueLayout.OfShort, long)} instead.
     *
     * @see #getInt(Object, long)
     */
    @Deprecated(since="23", forRemoval=true)
    @ForceInline
    public short getShort(Object o, long offset) {
        beforeMemoryAccess();
        return theInternalUnsafe.getShort(o, offset);
    }

    /**
     * @deprecated Use {@link VarHandle#set(Object...)} or
     * {@link MemorySegment#set(ValueLayout.OfShort, long, short)} instead.
     *
     * @see #putInt(Object, long, int)
     */
    @Deprecated(since="23", forRemoval=true)
    @ForceInline
    public void putShort(Object o, long offset, short x) {
        beforeMemoryAccess();
        theInternalUnsafe.putShort(o, offset, x);
    }

    /**
     * @deprecated Use {@link VarHandle#get(Object...)} or
     * {@link MemorySegment#get(ValueLayout.OfChar, long)} instead.
     *
     * @see #getInt(Object, long)
     */
    @Deprecated(since="23", forRemoval=true)
    @ForceInline
    public char getChar(Object o, long offset) {
        beforeMemoryAccess();
        return theInternalUnsafe.getChar(o, offset);
    }

    /**
     * @deprecated Use {@link VarHandle#set(Object...)} or
     * {@link MemorySegment#set(ValueLayout.OfChar, long, char)} instead.
     *
     * @see #putInt(Object, long, int)
     */
    @Deprecated(since="23", forRemoval=true)
    @ForceInline
    public void putChar(Object o, long offset, char x) {
        beforeMemoryAccess();
        theInternalUnsafe.putChar(o, offset, x);
    }

    /**
     * @deprecated Use {@link VarHandle#get(Object...)} or
     * {@link MemorySegment#get(ValueLayout.OfLong, long)} instead.
     *
     * @see #getInt(Object, long)
     */
    @Deprecated(since="23", forRemoval=true)
    @ForceInline
    public long getLong(Object o, long offset) {
        beforeMemoryAccess();
        return theInternalUnsafe.getLong(o, offset);
    }

    /**
     * @deprecated Use {@link VarHandle#set(Object...)} or
     * {@link MemorySegment#set(ValueLayout.OfLong, long, long)} instead.
     *
     * @see #putInt(Object, long, int)
     */
    @Deprecated(since="23", forRemoval=true)
    @ForceInline
    public void putLong(Object o, long offset, long x) {
        beforeMemoryAccess();
        theInternalUnsafe.putLong(o, offset, x);
    }

    /**
     * @deprecated Use {@link VarHandle#get(Object...)} or
     * {@link MemorySegment#get(ValueLayout.OfFloat, long)} instead.
     *
     * @see #getInt(Object, long)
     */
    @Deprecated(since="23", forRemoval=true)
    @ForceInline
    public float getFloat(Object o, long offset) {
        beforeMemoryAccess();
        return theInternalUnsafe.getFloat(o, offset);
    }

    /**
     * @deprecated Use {@link VarHandle#set(Object...)} or
     * {@link MemorySegment#set(ValueLayout.OfFloat, long, float)} instead.
     *
     * @see #putInt(Object, long, int)
     */
    @Deprecated(since="23", forRemoval=true)
    @ForceInline
    public void putFloat(Object o, long offset, float x) {
        beforeMemoryAccess();
        theInternalUnsafe.putFloat(o, offset, x);
    }

    /**
     * @deprecated Use {@link VarHandle#get(Object...)} or
     * {@link MemorySegment#get(ValueLayout.OfDouble, long)} instead.
     *
     * @see #getInt(Object, long)
     */
    @Deprecated(since="23", forRemoval=true)
    @ForceInline
    public double getDouble(Object o, long offset) {
        beforeMemoryAccess();
        return theInternalUnsafe.getDouble(o, offset);
    }

    /**
     * @deprecated Use {@link VarHandle#set(Object...)} or
     * {@link MemorySegment#set(ValueLayout.OfDouble, long, double)} instead.
     *
     * @see #putInt(Object, long, int)
     */
    @Deprecated(since="23", forRemoval=true)
    @ForceInline
    public void putDouble(Object o, long offset, double x) {
        beforeMemoryAccess();
        theInternalUnsafe.putDouble(o, offset, x);
    }

    // These work on values in the C heap.

    /**
     * Fetches a value from a given memory address.  If the address is zero, or
     * does not point into a block obtained from {@link #allocateMemory}, the
     * results are undefined.
     *
     * @deprecated Use {@link java.lang.foreign} to access off-heap memory.
     *
     * @see #allocateMemory
     */
    @Deprecated(since="23", forRemoval=true)
    @ForceInline
    public byte getByte(long address) {
        beforeMemoryAccess();
        return theInternalUnsafe.getByte(address);
    }

    /**
     * Stores a value into a given memory address.  If the address is zero, or
     * does not point into a block obtained from {@link #allocateMemory}, the
     * results are undefined.
     *
     * @deprecated Use {@link java.lang.foreign} to access off-heap memory.
     *
     * @see #getByte(long)
     */
    @Deprecated(since="23", forRemoval=true)
    @ForceInline
    public void putByte(long address, byte x) {
        beforeMemoryAccess();
        theInternalUnsafe.putByte(address, x);
    }

    /**
     * @deprecated Use {@link java.lang.foreign} to access off-heap memory.
     *
     * @see #getByte(long)
     */
    @Deprecated(since="23", forRemoval=true)
    @ForceInline
    public short getShort(long address) {
        beforeMemoryAccess();
        return theInternalUnsafe.getShort(address);
    }

    /**
     * @deprecated Use {@link java.lang.foreign} to access off-heap memory.
     *
     * @see #putByte(long, byte)
     */
    @Deprecated(since="23", forRemoval=true)
    @ForceInline
    public void putShort(long address, short x) {
        beforeMemoryAccess();
        theInternalUnsafe.putShort(address, x);
    }

    /**
     * @deprecated Use {@link java.lang.foreign} to access off-heap memory.
     *
     * @see #getByte(long)
     */
    @Deprecated(since="23", forRemoval=true)
    @ForceInline
    public char getChar(long address) {
        beforeMemoryAccess();
        return theInternalUnsafe.getChar(address);
    }

    /**
     * @deprecated Use {@link java.lang.foreign} to access off-heap memory.
     *
     * @see #putByte(long, byte)
     */
    @Deprecated(since="23", forRemoval=true)
    @ForceInline
    public void putChar(long address, char x) {
        beforeMemoryAccess();
        theInternalUnsafe.putChar(address, x);
    }

    /**
     * @deprecated Use {@link java.lang.foreign} to access off-heap memory.
     *
     * @see #getByte(long)
     */
    @Deprecated(since="23", forRemoval=true)
    @ForceInline
    public int getInt(long address) {
        beforeMemoryAccess();
        return theInternalUnsafe.getInt(address);
    }

    /**
     * @deprecated Use {@link java.lang.foreign} to access off-heap memory.
     *
     * @see #putByte(long, byte)
     */
    @Deprecated(since="23", forRemoval=true)
    @ForceInline
    public void putInt(long address, int x) {
        beforeMemoryAccess();
        theInternalUnsafe.putInt(address, x);
    }

    /**
     * @deprecated Use {@link java.lang.foreign} to access off-heap memory.
     *
     * @see #getByte(long)
     */
    @Deprecated(since="23", forRemoval=true)
    @ForceInline
    public long getLong(long address) {
        beforeMemoryAccess();
        return theInternalUnsafe.getLong(address);
    }

    /**
     * @deprecated Use {@link java.lang.foreign} to access off-heap memory.
     *
     * @see #putByte(long, byte)
     */
    @Deprecated(since="23", forRemoval=true)
    @ForceInline
    public void putLong(long address, long x) {
        beforeMemoryAccess();
        theInternalUnsafe.putLong(address, x);
    }

    /**
     * @deprecated Use {@link java.lang.foreign} to access off-heap memory.
     *
     * @see #getByte(long)
     */
    @Deprecated(since="23", forRemoval=true)
    @ForceInline
    public float getFloat(long address) {
        beforeMemoryAccess();
        return theInternalUnsafe.getFloat(address);
    }

    /**
     * @deprecated Use {@link java.lang.foreign} to access off-heap memory.
     *
     * @see #putByte(long, byte)
     */
    @Deprecated(since="23", forRemoval=true)
    @ForceInline
    public void putFloat(long address, float x) {
        beforeMemoryAccess();
        theInternalUnsafe.putFloat(address, x);
    }

    /**
     * @deprecated Use {@link java.lang.foreign} to access off-heap memory.
     *
     * @see #getByte(long)
     */
    @Deprecated(since="23", forRemoval=true)
    @ForceInline
    public double getDouble(long address) {
        beforeMemoryAccess();
        return theInternalUnsafe.getDouble(address);
    }

    /**
     * @deprecated Use {@link java.lang.foreign} to access off-heap memory.
     *
     * @see #putByte(long, byte)
     */
    @Deprecated(since="23", forRemoval=true)
    @ForceInline
    public void putDouble(long address, double x) {
        beforeMemoryAccess();
        theInternalUnsafe.putDouble(address, x);
    }


    /**
     * Fetches a native pointer from a given memory address.  If the address is
     * zero, or does not point into a block obtained from {@link
     * #allocateMemory}, the results are undefined.
     *
     * <p>If the native pointer is less than 64 bits wide, it is extended as
     * an unsigned number to a Java long.  The pointer may be indexed by any
     * given byte offset, simply by adding that offset (as a simple integer) to
     * the long representing the pointer.  The number of bytes actually read
     * from the target address may be determined by consulting {@link
     * #addressSize}.
     *
     * @deprecated Use {@link java.lang.foreign} to access off-heap memory.
     *
     * @see #allocateMemory
     */
    @Deprecated(since="23", forRemoval=true)
    @ForceInline
    public long getAddress(long address) {
        beforeMemoryAccess();
        return theInternalUnsafe.getAddress(address);
    }

    /**
     * Stores a native pointer into a given memory address.  If the address is
     * zero, or does not point into a block obtained from {@link
     * #allocateMemory}, the results are undefined.
     *
     * <p>The number of bytes actually written at the target address may be
     * determined by consulting {@link #addressSize}.
     *
     * @deprecated Use {@link java.lang.foreign} to access off-heap memory.
     *
     * @see #getAddress(long)
     */
    @Deprecated(since="23", forRemoval=true)
    @ForceInline
    public void putAddress(long address, long x) {
        beforeMemoryAccess();
        theInternalUnsafe.putAddress(address, x);
    }


    //| wrappers for malloc, realloc, free:

    /**
     * Allocates a new block of native memory, of the given size in bytes.  The
     * contents of the memory are uninitialized; they will generally be
     * garbage.  The resulting native pointer will be zero if and only if the
     * requested size is zero.  The resulting native pointer will be aligned for
     * all value types.   Dispose of this memory by calling {@link #freeMemory}
     * or resize it with {@link #reallocateMemory}.
     *
     * <em>Note:</em> It is the responsibility of the caller to make
     * sure arguments are checked before the methods are called. While
     * some rudimentary checks are performed on the input, the checks
     * are best effort and when performance is an overriding priority,
     * as when methods of this class are optimized by the runtime
     * compiler, some or all checks (if any) may be elided. Hence, the
     * caller must not rely on the checks and corresponding
     * exceptions!
     *
     * @deprecated Use {@link java.lang.foreign} to allocate off-heap memory.
     *
     * @throws RuntimeException if the size is negative or too large
     *         for the native size_t type
     *
     * @throws OutOfMemoryError if the allocation is refused by the system
     *
     * @see #getByte(long)
     * @see #putByte(long, byte)
     */
    @Deprecated(since="23", forRemoval=true)
    @ForceInline
    public long allocateMemory(long bytes) {
        beforeMemoryAccess();
        return theInternalUnsafe.allocateMemory(bytes);
    }

    /**
     * Resizes a new block of native memory, to the given size in bytes.  The
     * contents of the new block past the size of the old block are
     * uninitialized; they will generally be garbage.  The resulting native
     * pointer will be zero if and only if the requested size is zero.  The
     * resulting native pointer will be aligned for all value types.  Dispose
     * of this memory by calling {@link #freeMemory}, or resize it with {@link
     * #reallocateMemory}.  The address passed to this method may be null, in
     * which case an allocation will be performed.
     *
     * <em>Note:</em> It is the responsibility of the caller to make
     * sure arguments are checked before the methods are called. While
     * some rudimentary checks are performed on the input, the checks
     * are best effort and when performance is an overriding priority,
     * as when methods of this class are optimized by the runtime
     * compiler, some or all checks (if any) may be elided. Hence, the
     * caller must not rely on the checks and corresponding
     * exceptions!
     *
     * @deprecated Use {@link java.lang.foreign} to allocate off-heap memory.
     *
     * @throws RuntimeException if the size is negative or too large
     *         for the native size_t type
     *
     * @throws OutOfMemoryError if the allocation is refused by the system
     *
     * @see #allocateMemory
     */
    @Deprecated(since="23", forRemoval=true)
    @ForceInline
    public long reallocateMemory(long address, long bytes) {
        beforeMemoryAccess();
        return theInternalUnsafe.reallocateMemory(address, bytes);
    }

    /**
     * Sets all bytes in a given block of memory to a fixed value
     * (usually zero).
     *
     * <p>This method determines a block's base address by means of two parameters,
     * and so it provides (in effect) a <em>double-register</em> addressing mode,
     * as discussed in {@link #getInt(Object,long)}.  When the object reference is null,
     * the offset supplies an absolute base address.
     *
     * <p>The stores are in coherent (atomic) units of a size determined
     * by the address and length parameters.  If the effective address and
     * length are all even modulo 8, the stores take place in 'long' units.
     * If the effective address and length are (resp.) even modulo 4 or 2,
     * the stores take place in units of 'int' or 'short'.
     *
     * <em>Note:</em> It is the responsibility of the caller to make
     * sure arguments are checked before the methods are called. While
     * some rudimentary checks are performed on the input, the checks
     * are best effort and when performance is an overriding priority,
     * as when methods of this class are optimized by the runtime
     * compiler, some or all checks (if any) may be elided. Hence, the
     * caller must not rely on the checks and corresponding
     * exceptions!
     *
     * @deprecated {@link MemorySegment#fill(byte)} fills the contents of a memory
     * segment with a given value.
     *
     * @throws RuntimeException if any of the arguments is invalid
     *
     * @since 1.7
     */
    @Deprecated(since="23", forRemoval=true)
    @ForceInline
    public void setMemory(Object o, long offset, long bytes, byte value) {
        beforeMemoryAccess();
        theInternalUnsafe.setMemory(o, offset, bytes, value);
    }

    /**
     * Sets all bytes in a given block of memory to a fixed value
     * (usually zero).  This provides a <em>single-register</em> addressing mode,
     * as discussed in {@link #getInt(Object,long)}.
     *
     * <p>Equivalent to {@code setMemory(null, address, bytes, value)}.
     *
     * @deprecated {@link MemorySegment#fill(byte)} fills the contents of a memory
     * segment with a given value.
     *
     * Use {@link MemorySegment} and its bulk copy methods instead.
     */
    @Deprecated(since="23", forRemoval=true)
    @ForceInline
    public void setMemory(long address, long bytes, byte value) {
        beforeMemoryAccess();
        theInternalUnsafe.setMemory(address, bytes, value);
    }

    /**
     * Sets all bytes in a given block of memory to a copy of another
     * block.
     *
     * <p>This method determines each block's base address by means of two parameters,
     * and so it provides (in effect) a <em>double-register</em> addressing mode,
     * as discussed in {@link #getInt(Object,long)}.  When the object reference is null,
     * the offset supplies an absolute base address.
     *
     * <p>The transfers are in coherent (atomic) units of a size determined
     * by the address and length parameters.  If the effective addresses and
     * length are all even modulo 8, the transfer takes place in 'long' units.
     * If the effective addresses and length are (resp.) even modulo 4 or 2,
     * the transfer takes place in units of 'int' or 'short'.
     *
     * <em>Note:</em> It is the responsibility of the caller to make
     * sure arguments are checked before the methods are called. While
     * some rudimentary checks are performed on the input, the checks
     * are best effort and when performance is an overriding priority,
     * as when methods of this class are optimized by the runtime
     * compiler, some or all checks (if any) may be elided. Hence, the
     * caller must not rely on the checks and corresponding
     * exceptions!
     *
     * @deprecated Use {@link MemorySegment} and its bulk copy methods instead.
     *
     * @throws RuntimeException if any of the arguments is invalid
     *
     * @since 1.7
     */
    @Deprecated(since="23", forRemoval=true)
    @ForceInline
    public void copyMemory(Object srcBase, long srcOffset,
                           Object destBase, long destOffset,
                           long bytes) {
        beforeMemoryAccess();
        theInternalUnsafe.copyMemory(srcBase, srcOffset, destBase, destOffset, bytes);
    }

    /**
     * Sets all bytes in a given block of memory to a copy of another
     * block.  This provides a <em>single-register</em> addressing mode,
     * as discussed in {@link #getInt(Object,long)}.
     *
     * Equivalent to {@code copyMemory(null, srcAddress, null, destAddress, bytes)}.
     *
     * @deprecated Use {@link MemorySegment} and its bulk copy methods instead.
     */
    @Deprecated(since="23", forRemoval=true)
    @ForceInline
    public void copyMemory(long srcAddress, long destAddress, long bytes) {
        beforeMemoryAccess();
        theInternalUnsafe.copyMemory(srcAddress, destAddress, bytes);
    }

    /**
     * Disposes of a block of native memory, as obtained from {@link
     * #allocateMemory} or {@link #reallocateMemory}.  The address passed to
     * this method may be null, in which case no action is taken.
     *
     * <em>Note:</em> It is the responsibility of the caller to make
     * sure arguments are checked before the methods are called. While
     * some rudimentary checks are performed on the input, the checks
     * are best effort and when performance is an overriding priority,
     * as when methods of this class are optimized by the runtime
     * compiler, some or all checks (if any) may be elided. Hence, the
     * caller must not rely on the checks and corresponding
     * exceptions!
     *
     * @deprecated Use {@link java.lang.foreign} to allocate and free off-heap memory.
     *
     * @throws RuntimeException if any of the arguments is invalid
     *
     * @see #allocateMemory
     */
    @Deprecated(since="23", forRemoval=true)
    @ForceInline
    public void freeMemory(long address) {
        beforeMemoryAccess();
        theInternalUnsafe.freeMemory(address);
    }

    //| random queries

    /**
     * This constant differs from all results that will ever be returned from
     * {@link #staticFieldOffset}, {@link #objectFieldOffset},
     * or {@link #arrayBaseOffset}.
     * @deprecated Not needed when using {@link VarHandle} or {@link java.lang.foreign}.
     */
    @Deprecated(since="23", forRemoval=true)
    public static final int INVALID_FIELD_OFFSET = (int) jdk.internal.misc.Unsafe.INVALID_FIELD_OFFSET;

    /**
     * Reports the location of a given field in the storage allocation of its
     * class.  Do not expect to perform any sort of arithmetic on this offset;
     * it is just a cookie which is passed to the unsafe heap memory accessors.
     *
     * <p>Any given field will always have the same offset and base, and no
     * two distinct fields of the same class will ever have the same offset
     * and base.
     *
     * <p>As of 1.4.1, offsets for fields are represented as long values,
     * although the Sun JVM does not use the most significant 32 bits.
     * However, JVM implementations which store static fields at absolute
     * addresses can use long offsets and null base pointers to express
     * the field locations in a form usable by {@link #getInt(Object,long)}.
     * Therefore, code which will be ported to such JVMs on 64-bit platforms
     * must preserve all bits of static field offsets.
     *
     * @deprecated The guarantee that a field will always have the same offset
     * and base may not be true in a future release. The ability to provide an
     * offset and object reference to a heap memory accessor will be removed
     * in a future release. Use {@link VarHandle} instead.
     *
     * @see #getInt(Object, long)
     */
    @Deprecated(since="18", forRemoval=true)
    @ForceInline
    public long objectFieldOffset(Field f) {
        if (f == null) {
            throw new NullPointerException();
        }
        Class<?> declaringClass = f.getDeclaringClass();
        if (declaringClass.isHidden()) {
            throw new UnsupportedOperationException("can't get field offset on a hidden class: " + f);
        }
        if (declaringClass.isRecord()) {
            throw new UnsupportedOperationException("can't get field offset on a record class: " + f);
        }
        beforeMemoryAccess();
        return theInternalUnsafe.objectFieldOffset(f);
    }

    /**
     * Reports the location of a given static field, in conjunction with {@link
     * #staticFieldBase}.
     * <p>Do not expect to perform any sort of arithmetic on this offset;
     * it is just a cookie which is passed to the unsafe heap memory accessors.
     *
     * <p>Any given field will always have the same offset, and no two distinct
     * fields of the same class will ever have the same offset.
     *
     * <p>As of 1.4.1, offsets for fields are represented as long values,
     * although the Sun JVM does not use the most significant 32 bits.
     * It is hard to imagine a JVM technology which needs more than
     * a few bits to encode an offset within a non-array object,
     * However, for consistency with other methods in this class,
     * this method reports its result as a long value.
     *
     * @deprecated The guarantee that a field will always have the same offset
     * and base may not be true in a future release. The ability to provide an
     * offset and object reference to a heap memory accessor will be removed
     * in a future release. Use {@link VarHandle} instead.
     *
     * @see #getInt(Object, long)
     */
    @Deprecated(since="18", forRemoval=true)
    @ForceInline
    public long staticFieldOffset(Field f) {
        if (f == null) {
            throw new NullPointerException();
        }
        Class<?> declaringClass = f.getDeclaringClass();
        if (declaringClass.isHidden()) {
            throw new UnsupportedOperationException("can't get field offset on a hidden class: " + f);
        }
        if (declaringClass.isRecord()) {
            throw new UnsupportedOperationException("can't get field offset on a record class: " + f);
        }
        beforeMemoryAccess();
        return theInternalUnsafe.staticFieldOffset(f);
    }

    /**
     * Reports the location of a given static field, in conjunction with {@link
     * #staticFieldOffset}.
     * <p>Fetch the base "Object", if any, with which static fields of the
     * given class can be accessed via methods like {@link #getInt(Object,
     * long)}.  This value may be null.  This value may refer to an object
     * which is a "cookie", not guaranteed to be a real Object, and it should
     * not be used in any way except as argument to the get and put routines in
     * this class.
     *
     * @deprecated The guarantee that a field will always have the same offset
     * and base may not be true in a future release. The ability to provide an
     * offset and object reference to a heap memory accessor will be removed
     * in a future release. Use {@link VarHandle} instead.
     */
    @Deprecated(since="18", forRemoval=true)
    @ForceInline
    public Object staticFieldBase(Field f) {
        if (f == null) {
            throw new NullPointerException();
        }
        Class<?> declaringClass = f.getDeclaringClass();
        if (declaringClass.isHidden()) {
            throw new UnsupportedOperationException("can't get base address on a hidden class: " + f);
        }
        if (declaringClass.isRecord()) {
            throw new UnsupportedOperationException("can't get base address on a record class: " + f);
        }
        beforeMemoryAccess();
        return theInternalUnsafe.staticFieldBase(f);
    }

    /**
     * Reports the offset of the first element in the storage allocation of a
     * given array class.  If {@link #arrayIndexScale} returns a non-zero value
     * for the same class, you may use that scale factor, together with this
     * base offset, to form new offsets to access elements of arrays of the
     * given class.
     *
     * @deprecated Not needed when using {@link VarHandle} or {@link java.lang.foreign}.
     *
     * @see #getInt(Object, long)
     * @see #putInt(Object, long, int)
     */
    @Deprecated(since="23", forRemoval=true)
    @ForceInline
    public int arrayBaseOffset(Class<?> arrayClass) {
        beforeMemoryAccess();
        return (int) theInternalUnsafe.arrayBaseOffset(arrayClass);
    }

    /** The value of {@code arrayBaseOffset(boolean[].class)}.
     *
     * @deprecated Not needed when using {@link VarHandle} or {@link java.lang.foreign}.
     */
    @Deprecated(since="23", forRemoval=true)
    public static final int ARRAY_BOOLEAN_BASE_OFFSET = (int) jdk.internal.misc.Unsafe.ARRAY_BOOLEAN_BASE_OFFSET;

    /** The value of {@code arrayBaseOffset(byte[].class)}.
     *
     * @deprecated Not needed when using {@link VarHandle} or {@link java.lang.foreign}.
     */
    @Deprecated(since="23", forRemoval=true)
    public static final int ARRAY_BYTE_BASE_OFFSET = (int) jdk.internal.misc.Unsafe.ARRAY_BYTE_BASE_OFFSET;

    /** The value of {@code arrayBaseOffset(short[].class)}.
     *
     * @deprecated Not needed when using {@link VarHandle} or {@link java.lang.foreign}.
     */
    @Deprecated(since="23", forRemoval=true)
    public static final int ARRAY_SHORT_BASE_OFFSET = (int) jdk.internal.misc.Unsafe.ARRAY_SHORT_BASE_OFFSET;

    /** The value of {@code arrayBaseOffset(char[].class)}.
     *
     * @deprecated Not needed when using {@link VarHandle} or {@link java.lang.foreign}.
     */
    @Deprecated(since="23", forRemoval=true)
    public static final int ARRAY_CHAR_BASE_OFFSET = (int) jdk.internal.misc.Unsafe.ARRAY_CHAR_BASE_OFFSET;

    /** The value of {@code arrayBaseOffset(int[].class)}.
     *
     * @deprecated Not needed when using {@link VarHandle} or {@link java.lang.foreign}.
     */
    @Deprecated(since="23", forRemoval=true)
    public static final int ARRAY_INT_BASE_OFFSET = (int) jdk.internal.misc.Unsafe.ARRAY_INT_BASE_OFFSET;

    /** The value of {@code arrayBaseOffset(long[].class)}.
     *
     * @deprecated Not needed when using {@link VarHandle} or {@link java.lang.foreign}.
     */
    @Deprecated(since="23", forRemoval=true)
    public static final int ARRAY_LONG_BASE_OFFSET = (int) jdk.internal.misc.Unsafe.ARRAY_LONG_BASE_OFFSET;

    /** The value of {@code arrayBaseOffset(float[].class)}.
     *
     * @deprecated Not needed when using {@link VarHandle} or {@link java.lang.foreign}.
     */
    @Deprecated(since="23", forRemoval=true)
    public static final int ARRAY_FLOAT_BASE_OFFSET = (int) jdk.internal.misc.Unsafe.ARRAY_FLOAT_BASE_OFFSET;

    /** The value of {@code arrayBaseOffset(double[].class)}.
     *
     * @deprecated Not needed when using {@link VarHandle} or {@link java.lang.foreign}.
     */
    @Deprecated(since="23", forRemoval=true)
    public static final int ARRAY_DOUBLE_BASE_OFFSET = (int) jdk.internal.misc.Unsafe.ARRAY_DOUBLE_BASE_OFFSET;

    /** The value of {@code arrayBaseOffset(Object[].class)}.
     *
     * @deprecated Not needed when using {@link VarHandle} or {@link java.lang.foreign}.
     */
    @Deprecated(since="23", forRemoval=true)
    public static final int ARRAY_OBJECT_BASE_OFFSET = (int) jdk.internal.misc.Unsafe.ARRAY_OBJECT_BASE_OFFSET;

    /**
     * Reports the scale factor for addressing elements in the storage
     * allocation of a given array class.  However, arrays of "narrow" types
     * will generally not work properly with accessors like {@link
     * #getByte(Object, long)}, so the scale factor for such classes is reported
     * as zero.
     *
     * @deprecated Not needed when using {@link VarHandle} or {@link java.lang.foreign}.
     *
     * @see #arrayBaseOffset
     * @see #getInt(Object, long)
     * @see #putInt(Object, long, int)
     */
    @Deprecated(since="23", forRemoval=true)
    @ForceInline
    public int arrayIndexScale(Class<?> arrayClass) {
        return theInternalUnsafe.arrayIndexScale(arrayClass);
    }

    /** The value of {@code arrayIndexScale(boolean[].class)}.
     *
     * @deprecated Not needed when using {@link VarHandle} or {@link java.lang.foreign}.
     */
    @Deprecated(since="23", forRemoval=true)
    public static final int ARRAY_BOOLEAN_INDEX_SCALE = jdk.internal.misc.Unsafe.ARRAY_BOOLEAN_INDEX_SCALE;

    /** The value of {@code arrayIndexScale(byte[].class)}.
     *
     * @deprecated Not needed when using {@link VarHandle} or {@link java.lang.foreign}.
     */
    @Deprecated(since="23", forRemoval=true)
    public static final int ARRAY_BYTE_INDEX_SCALE = jdk.internal.misc.Unsafe.ARRAY_BYTE_INDEX_SCALE;

    /** The value of {@code arrayIndexScale(short[].class)}.
     *
     * @deprecated Not needed when using {@link VarHandle} or {@link java.lang.foreign}.
     */
    @Deprecated(since="23", forRemoval=true)
    public static final int ARRAY_SHORT_INDEX_SCALE = jdk.internal.misc.Unsafe.ARRAY_SHORT_INDEX_SCALE;

    /** The value of {@code arrayIndexScale(char[].class)}.
     *
     * @deprecated Not needed when using {@link VarHandle} or {@link java.lang.foreign}.
     */
    @Deprecated(since="23", forRemoval=true)
    public static final int ARRAY_CHAR_INDEX_SCALE = jdk.internal.misc.Unsafe.ARRAY_CHAR_INDEX_SCALE;

    /** The value of {@code arrayIndexScale(int[].class)}.
     *
     * @deprecated Not needed when using {@link VarHandle} or {@link java.lang.foreign}.
     */
    @Deprecated(since="23", forRemoval=true)
    public static final int ARRAY_INT_INDEX_SCALE = jdk.internal.misc.Unsafe.ARRAY_INT_INDEX_SCALE;

    /** The value of {@code arrayIndexScale(long[].class)}.
     *
     * @deprecated Not needed when using {@link VarHandle} or {@link java.lang.foreign}.
     */
    @Deprecated(since="23", forRemoval=true)
    public static final int ARRAY_LONG_INDEX_SCALE = jdk.internal.misc.Unsafe.ARRAY_LONG_INDEX_SCALE;

    /** The value of {@code arrayIndexScale(float[].class)}.
     *
     * @deprecated Not needed when using {@link VarHandle} or {@link java.lang.foreign}.
     */
    @Deprecated(since="23", forRemoval=true)
    public static final int ARRAY_FLOAT_INDEX_SCALE = jdk.internal.misc.Unsafe.ARRAY_FLOAT_INDEX_SCALE;

    /** The value of {@code arrayIndexScale(double[].class)}.
     *
     * @deprecated Not needed when using {@link VarHandle} or {@link java.lang.foreign}.
     */
    @Deprecated(since="23", forRemoval=true)
    public static final int ARRAY_DOUBLE_INDEX_SCALE = jdk.internal.misc.Unsafe.ARRAY_DOUBLE_INDEX_SCALE;

    /** The value of {@code arrayIndexScale(Object[].class)}.
     *
     * @deprecated Not needed when using {@link VarHandle} or {@link java.lang.foreign}.
     */
    @Deprecated(since="23", forRemoval=true)
    public static final int ARRAY_OBJECT_INDEX_SCALE = jdk.internal.misc.Unsafe.ARRAY_OBJECT_INDEX_SCALE;

    /**
     * Reports the size in bytes of a native pointer, as stored via {@link
     * #putAddress}.  This value will be either 4 or 8.  Note that the sizes of
     * other primitive types (as stored in native memory blocks) is determined
     * fully by their information content.
     *
     * @deprecated Use {@link ValueLayout#ADDRESS}.{@link MemoryLayout#byteSize()} instead.
     */
    @Deprecated(since="23", forRemoval=true)
    @ForceInline
    public int addressSize() {
        return theInternalUnsafe.addressSize();
    }

    /** The value of {@code addressSize()}.
     *
     * @deprecated Use {@link ValueLayout#ADDRESS}.{@link MemoryLayout#byteSize()} instead.
     */
    @Deprecated(since="23", forRemoval=true)
    public static final int ADDRESS_SIZE = theInternalUnsafe.addressSize();

    /**
     * Reports the size in bytes of a native memory page (whatever that is).
     * This value will always be a power of two.
     */
    @ForceInline
    public int pageSize() {
        return theInternalUnsafe.pageSize();
    }


    //| random trusted operations from JNI:

    /**
     * Allocates an instance but does not run any constructor.
     * Initializes the class if it has not yet been.
     */
    @ForceInline
    public Object allocateInstance(Class<?> cls)
        throws InstantiationException {
        return theInternalUnsafe.allocateInstance(cls);
    }

    /** Throws the exception without telling the verifier. */
    @ForceInline
    public void throwException(Throwable ee) {
        theInternalUnsafe.throwException(ee);
    }

    /**
     * Atomically updates Java variable to {@code x} if it is currently
     * holding {@code expected}.
     *
     * <p>This operation has memory semantics of a {@code volatile} read
     * and write.  Corresponds to C11 atomic_compare_exchange_strong.
     *
     * @return {@code true} if successful
     *
     * @deprecated Use {@link VarHandle#compareAndExchange(Object...)} instead.
     */
    @Deprecated(since="23", forRemoval=true)
    @ForceInline
    public final boolean compareAndSwapObject(Object o, long offset,
                                              Object expected,
                                              Object x) {
        beforeMemoryAccess();
        return theInternalUnsafe.compareAndSetReference(o, offset, expected, x);
    }

    /**
     * Atomically updates Java variable to {@code x} if it is currently
     * holding {@code expected}.
     *
     * <p>This operation has memory semantics of a {@code volatile} read
     * and write.  Corresponds to C11 atomic_compare_exchange_strong.
     *
     * @return {@code true} if successful
     *
     * @deprecated Use {@link VarHandle#compareAndExchange(Object...)} instead.
     */
    @Deprecated(since="23", forRemoval=true)
    @ForceInline
    public final boolean compareAndSwapInt(Object o, long offset,
                                           int expected,
                                           int x) {
        beforeMemoryAccess();
        return theInternalUnsafe.compareAndSetInt(o, offset, expected, x);
    }

    /**
     * Atomically updates Java variable to {@code x} if it is currently
     * holding {@code expected}.
     *
     * <p>This operation has memory semantics of a {@code volatile} read
     * and write.  Corresponds to C11 atomic_compare_exchange_strong.
     *
     * @return {@code true} if successful
     *
     * @deprecated Use {@link VarHandle#compareAndExchange(Object...)} instead.
     */
    @Deprecated(since="23", forRemoval=true)
    @ForceInline
    public final boolean compareAndSwapLong(Object o, long offset,
                                            long expected,
                                            long x) {
        beforeMemoryAccess();
        return theInternalUnsafe.compareAndSetLong(o, offset, expected, x);
    }

    /**
     * Fetches a reference value from a given Java variable, with volatile
     * load semantics. Otherwise identical to {@link #getObject(Object, long)}
     *
     * @deprecated Use {@link VarHandle#getVolatile(Object...)} instead.
     */
    @Deprecated(since="23", forRemoval=true)
    @ForceInline
    public Object getObjectVolatile(Object o, long offset) {
        beforeMemoryAccess();
        return theInternalUnsafe.getReferenceVolatile(o, offset);
    }

    /**
     * Stores a reference value into a given Java variable, with
     * volatile store semantics. Otherwise identical to {@link #putObject(Object, long, Object)}
     *
     * @deprecated Use {@link VarHandle#setVolatile(Object...)} instead.
     */
    @Deprecated(since="23", forRemoval=true)
    @ForceInline
    public void putObjectVolatile(Object o, long offset, Object x) {
        beforeMemoryAccess();
        theInternalUnsafe.putReferenceVolatile(o, offset, x);
    }

    /** Volatile version of {@link #getInt(Object, long)}.
     *
     * @deprecated Use {@link VarHandle#getVolatile(Object...)} instead.
     */
    @Deprecated(since="23", forRemoval=true)
    @ForceInline
    public int getIntVolatile(Object o, long offset) {
        beforeMemoryAccess();
        return theInternalUnsafe.getIntVolatile(o, offset);
    }

    /** Volatile version of {@link #putInt(Object, long, int)}.
     *
     * @deprecated Use {@link VarHandle#setVolatile(Object...)} instead.
     */
    @Deprecated(since="23", forRemoval=true)
    @ForceInline
    public void putIntVolatile(Object o, long offset, int x) {
        beforeMemoryAccess();
        theInternalUnsafe.putIntVolatile(o, offset, x);
    }

    /** Volatile version of {@link #getBoolean(Object, long)}.
     *
     * @deprecated Use {@link VarHandle#getVolatile(Object...)} instead.
     */
    @Deprecated(since="23", forRemoval=true)
    @ForceInline
    public boolean getBooleanVolatile(Object o, long offset) {
        beforeMemoryAccess();
        return theInternalUnsafe.getBooleanVolatile(o, offset);
    }

    /** Volatile version of {@link #putBoolean(Object, long, boolean)}.
     *
     * @deprecated Use {@link VarHandle#setVolatile(Object...)} instead.
     */
    @Deprecated(since="23", forRemoval=true)
    @ForceInline
    public void putBooleanVolatile(Object o, long offset, boolean x) {
        beforeMemoryAccess();
        theInternalUnsafe.putBooleanVolatile(o, offset, x);
    }

    /** Volatile version of {@link #getByte(Object, long)}.
     *
     * @deprecated Use {@link VarHandle#getVolatile(Object...)}
     * instead.
     */
    @Deprecated(since="23", forRemoval=true)
    @ForceInline
    public byte getByteVolatile(Object o, long offset) {
        beforeMemoryAccess();
        return theInternalUnsafe.getByteVolatile(o, offset);
    }

    /** Volatile version of {@link #putByte(Object, long, byte)}.
     *
     * @deprecated Use {@link VarHandle#setVolatile(Object...)} instead.
     */
    @Deprecated(since="23", forRemoval=true)
    @ForceInline
    public void putByteVolatile(Object o, long offset, byte x) {
        beforeMemoryAccess();
        theInternalUnsafe.putByteVolatile(o, offset, x);
    }

    /** Volatile version of {@link #getShort(Object, long)}.
     *
     * @deprecated Use {@link VarHandle#getVolatile(Object...)} instead.
     */
    @Deprecated(since="23", forRemoval=true)
    @ForceInline
    public short getShortVolatile(Object o, long offset) {
        beforeMemoryAccess();
        return theInternalUnsafe.getShortVolatile(o, offset);
    }

    /** Volatile version of {@link #putShort(Object, long, short)}.
     *
     * @deprecated Use {@link VarHandle#setVolatile(Object...)} instead.
     */
    @Deprecated(since="23", forRemoval=true)
    @ForceInline
    public void putShortVolatile(Object o, long offset, short x) {
        beforeMemoryAccess();
        theInternalUnsafe.putShortVolatile(o, offset, x);
    }

    /** Volatile version of {@link #getChar(Object, long)}.
     *
     * @deprecated Use {@link VarHandle#getVolatile(Object...)} instead.
     */
    @Deprecated(since="23", forRemoval=true)
    @ForceInline
    public char getCharVolatile(Object o, long offset) {
        beforeMemoryAccess();
        return theInternalUnsafe.getCharVolatile(o, offset);
    }

    /** Volatile version of {@link #putChar(Object, long, char)}.
     *
     * @deprecated Use {@link VarHandle#setVolatile(Object...)} instead.
     */
    @Deprecated(since="23", forRemoval=true)
    @ForceInline
    public void putCharVolatile(Object o, long offset, char x) {
        beforeMemoryAccess();
        theInternalUnsafe.putCharVolatile(o, offset, x);
    }

    /** Volatile version of {@link #getLong(Object, long)}.
     *
     * @deprecated Use {@link VarHandle#getVolatile(Object...)} instead.
     */
    @Deprecated(since="23", forRemoval=true)
    @ForceInline
    public long getLongVolatile(Object o, long offset) {
        beforeMemoryAccess();
        return theInternalUnsafe.getLongVolatile(o, offset);
    }

    /** Volatile version of {@link #putLong(Object, long, long)}.
     *
     * @deprecated Use {@link VarHandle#setVolatile(Object...)} instead.
     */
    @Deprecated(since="23", forRemoval=true)
    @ForceInline
    public void putLongVolatile(Object o, long offset, long x) {
        beforeMemoryAccess();
        theInternalUnsafe.putLongVolatile(o, offset, x);
    }

    /** Volatile version of {@link #getFloat(Object, long)}.
     *
     * @deprecated Use {@link VarHandle#getVolatile(Object...)} instead.
     */
    @Deprecated(since="23", forRemoval=true)
    @ForceInline
    public float getFloatVolatile(Object o, long offset) {
        beforeMemoryAccess();
        return theInternalUnsafe.getFloatVolatile(o, offset);
    }

    /** Volatile version of {@link #putFloat(Object, long, float)}.
     *
     * @deprecated Use {@link VarHandle#setVolatile(Object...)} instead.
     */
    @Deprecated(since="23", forRemoval=true)
    @ForceInline
    public void putFloatVolatile(Object o, long offset, float x) {
        beforeMemoryAccess();
        theInternalUnsafe.putFloatVolatile(o, offset, x);
    }

    /** Volatile version of {@link #getDouble(Object, long)}.
     *
     * @deprecated Use {@link VarHandle#getVolatile(Object...)} instead.
     */
    @Deprecated(since="23", forRemoval=true)
    @ForceInline
    public double getDoubleVolatile(Object o, long offset) {
        beforeMemoryAccess();
        return theInternalUnsafe.getDoubleVolatile(o, offset);
    }

    /** Volatile version of {@link #putDouble(Object, long, double)}.
     *
     * @deprecated Use {@link VarHandle#setVolatile(Object...)} instead.
     */
    @Deprecated(since="23", forRemoval=true)
    @ForceInline
    public void putDoubleVolatile(Object o, long offset, double x) {
        beforeMemoryAccess();
        theInternalUnsafe.putDoubleVolatile(o, offset, x);
    }

    /**
     * Version of {@link #putObjectVolatile(Object, long, Object)}
     * that does not guarantee immediate visibility of the store to
     * other threads. This method is generally only useful if the
     * underlying field is a Java volatile (or if an array cell, one
     * that is otherwise only accessed using volatile accesses).
     *
     * Corresponds to C11 atomic_store_explicit(..., memory_order_release).
     *
     * @deprecated Use {@link VarHandle#setRelease(Object...)} instead.
     */
    @Deprecated(since="23", forRemoval=true)
    @ForceInline
    public void putOrderedObject(Object o, long offset, Object x) {
        beforeMemoryAccess();
        theInternalUnsafe.putReferenceRelease(o, offset, x);
    }

    /** Ordered/Lazy version of {@link #putIntVolatile(Object, long, int)}.
     *
     * @deprecated Use {@link VarHandle#setRelease(Object...)} instead.
     */
    @Deprecated(since="23", forRemoval=true)
    @ForceInline
    public void putOrderedInt(Object o, long offset, int x) {
        beforeMemoryAccess();
        theInternalUnsafe.putIntRelease(o, offset, x);
    }

    /** Ordered/Lazy version of {@link #putLongVolatile(Object, long, long)}.
     *
     * @deprecated Use {@link VarHandle#setRelease(Object...)} instead.
     */
    @Deprecated(since="23", forRemoval=true)
    @ForceInline
    public void putOrderedLong(Object o, long offset, long x) {
        beforeMemoryAccess();
        theInternalUnsafe.putLongRelease(o, offset, x);
    }

    /**
     * Unblocks the given thread blocked on {@code park}, or, if it is
     * not blocked, causes the subsequent call to {@code park} not to
     * block.  Note: this operation is "unsafe" solely because the
     * caller must somehow ensure that the thread has not been
     * destroyed. Nothing special is usually required to ensure this
     * when called from Java (in which there will ordinarily be a live
     * reference to the thread) but this is not nearly-automatically
     * so when calling from native code.
     *
     * @param thread the thread to unpark.
     *
     * @deprecated Use {@link java.util.concurrent.locks.LockSupport#unpark(Thread)} instead.
     */
    @Deprecated(since="22", forRemoval=true)
    @ForceInline
    public void unpark(Object thread) {
        theInternalUnsafe.unpark(thread);
    }

    /**
     * Blocks current thread, returning when a balancing
     * {@code unpark} occurs, or a balancing {@code unpark} has
     * already occurred, or the thread is interrupted, or, if not
     * absolute and time is not zero, the given time nanoseconds have
     * elapsed, or if absolute, the given deadline in milliseconds
     * since Epoch has passed, or spuriously (i.e., returning for no
     * "reason"). Note: This operation is in the Unsafe class only
     * because {@code unpark} is, so it would be strange to place it
     * elsewhere.
     *
     * @deprecated Use {@link java.util.concurrent.locks.LockSupport#parkNanos(long)} or
     * {@link java.util.concurrent.locks.LockSupport#parkUntil(long)} instead.
     */
    @Deprecated(since="22", forRemoval=true)
    @ForceInline
    public void park(boolean isAbsolute, long time) {
        theInternalUnsafe.park(isAbsolute, time);
    }

    /**
     * Gets the load average in the system run queue assigned
     * to the available processors averaged over various periods of time.
     * This method retrieves the given {@code nelem} samples and
     * assigns to the elements of the given {@code loadavg} array.
     * The system imposes a maximum of 3 samples, representing
     * averages over the last 1,  5,  and  15 minutes, respectively.
     *
     * @param loadavg an array of double of size nelems
     * @param nelems the number of samples to be retrieved and
     *        must be 1 to 3.
     *
     * @return the number of samples actually retrieved; or -1
     *         if the load average is unobtainable.
     *
     * @deprecated Use {@link java.management/java.lang.management.OperatingSystemMXBean#getSystemLoadAverage()}
     * instead.
     */
    @SuppressWarnings("doclint:reference") // cross-module links
    @Deprecated(since="22", forRemoval=true)
    @ForceInline
    public int getLoadAverage(double[] loadavg, int nelems) {
        return theInternalUnsafe.getLoadAverage(loadavg, nelems);
    }

    // The following contain CAS-based Java implementations used on
    // platforms not supporting native instructions

    /**
     * Atomically adds the given value to the current value of a field
     * or array element within the given object {@code o}
     * at the given {@code offset}.
     *
     * @param o object/array to update the field/element in
     * @param offset field/element offset
     * @param delta the value to add
     * @return the previous value
     * @since 1.8
     *
     * @deprecated Use {@link VarHandle#getAndAdd(Object...)} instead.
     */
    @Deprecated(since="23", forRemoval=true)
    @ForceInline
    public final int getAndAddInt(Object o, long offset, int delta) {
        beforeMemoryAccess();
        return theInternalUnsafe.getAndAddInt(o, offset, delta);
    }

    /**
     * Atomically adds the given value to the current value of a field
     * or array element within the given object {@code o}
     * at the given {@code offset}.
     *
     * @param o object/array to update the field/element in
     * @param offset field/element offset
     * @param delta the value to add
     * @return the previous value
     * @since 1.8
     *
     * @deprecated Use {@link VarHandle#getAndAdd(Object...)} instead.
     */
    @Deprecated(since="23", forRemoval=true)
    @ForceInline
    public final long getAndAddLong(Object o, long offset, long delta) {
        beforeMemoryAccess();
        return theInternalUnsafe.getAndAddLong(o, offset, delta);
    }

    /**
     * Atomically exchanges the given value with the current value of
     * a field or array element within the given object {@code o}
     * at the given {@code offset}.
     *
     * @param o object/array to update the field/element in
     * @param offset field/element offset
     * @param newValue new value
     * @return the previous value
     * @since 1.8
     *
     * @deprecated Use {@link VarHandle#getAndAdd(Object...)} instead.
     */
    @Deprecated(since="23", forRemoval=true)
    @ForceInline
    public final int getAndSetInt(Object o, long offset, int newValue) {
        beforeMemoryAccess();
        return theInternalUnsafe.getAndSetInt(o, offset, newValue);
    }

    /**
     * Atomically exchanges the given value with the current value of
     * a field or array element within the given object {@code o}
     * at the given {@code offset}.
     *
     * @param o object/array to update the field/element in
     * @param offset field/element offset
     * @param newValue new value
     * @return the previous value
     * @since 1.8
     *
     * @deprecated Use {@link VarHandle#getAndAdd(Object...)} instead.
     */
    @Deprecated(since="23", forRemoval=true)
    @ForceInline
    public final long getAndSetLong(Object o, long offset, long newValue) {
        beforeMemoryAccess();
        return theInternalUnsafe.getAndSetLong(o, offset, newValue);
    }

    /**
     * Atomically exchanges the given reference value with the current
     * reference value of a field or array element within the given
     * object {@code o} at the given {@code offset}.
     *
     * @param o object/array to update the field/element in
     * @param offset field/element offset
     * @param newValue new value
     * @return the previous value
     * @since 1.8
     *
     * @deprecated Use {@link VarHandle#getAndAdd(Object...)} instead.
     */
    @Deprecated(since="23", forRemoval=true)
    @ForceInline
    public final Object getAndSetObject(Object o, long offset, Object newValue) {
        beforeMemoryAccess();
        return theInternalUnsafe.getAndSetReference(o, offset, newValue);
    }

    /**
     * Ensures that loads before the fence will not be reordered with loads and
     * stores after the fence; a "LoadLoad plus LoadStore barrier".
     *
     * Corresponds to C11 atomic_thread_fence(memory_order_acquire)
     * (an "acquire fence").
     *
     * A pure LoadLoad fence is not provided, since the addition of LoadStore
     * is almost always desired, and most current hardware instructions that
     * provide a LoadLoad barrier also provide a LoadStore barrier for free.
     *
     * @deprecated Use {@link VarHandle#acquireFence()} instead.
     * @since 1.8
     */
    @Deprecated(since="22", forRemoval=true)
    @ForceInline
    public void loadFence() {
        theInternalUnsafe.loadFence();
    }

    /**
     * Ensures that loads and stores before the fence will not be reordered with
     * stores after the fence; a "StoreStore plus LoadStore barrier".
     *
     * Corresponds to C11 atomic_thread_fence(memory_order_release)
     * (a "release fence").
     *
     * A pure StoreStore fence is not provided, since the addition of LoadStore
     * is almost always desired, and most current hardware instructions that
     * provide a StoreStore barrier also provide a LoadStore barrier for free.
     *
     * @deprecated Use {@link VarHandle#releaseFence()} instead.
     * @since 1.8
     */
    @Deprecated(since="22", forRemoval=true)
    @ForceInline
    public void storeFence() {
        theInternalUnsafe.storeFence();
    }

    /**
     * Ensures that loads and stores before the fence will not be reordered
     * with loads and stores after the fence.  Implies the effects of both
     * loadFence() and storeFence(), and in addition, the effect of a StoreLoad
     * barrier.
     *
     * Corresponds to C11 atomic_thread_fence(memory_order_seq_cst).
     *
     * @deprecated Use {@link VarHandle#fullFence()} instead.
     * @since 1.8
     */
    @Deprecated(since="22", forRemoval=true)
    @ForceInline
    public void fullFence() {
        theInternalUnsafe.fullFence();
    }

    /**
     * Invokes the given direct byte buffer's cleaner, if any.
     *
     * @param directBuffer a direct byte buffer
     * @throws NullPointerException if {@code directBuffer} is null
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code directBuffer} is non-direct,
     * or is a {@link java.nio.Buffer#slice slice}, or is a
     * {@link java.nio.Buffer#duplicate duplicate}
     *
     * @deprecated Use a {@link MemorySegment} allocated in an {@link Arena} with the
     * appropriate temporal bounds. The {@link MemorySegment#asByteBuffer()} method
     * wraps a memory segment as a {@code ByteBuffer} to allow interop with existing
     * code.
     *
     * @since 9
     */
    @Deprecated(since="23", forRemoval=true)
    public void invokeCleaner(java.nio.ByteBuffer directBuffer) {
        if (!directBuffer.isDirect())
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Not a direct buffer");
        beforeMemoryAccess();
        theInternalUnsafe.invokeCleaner(directBuffer);
    }

    // Infrastructure for --sun-misc-unsafe-memory-access=<value> command line option.

    private static final Object MEMORY_ACCESS_WARNED_BASE;
    private static final long MEMORY_ACCESS_WARNED_OFFSET;
    static {
        try {
            Field field = Unsafe.class.getDeclaredField("memoryAccessWarned");
            MEMORY_ACCESS_WARNED_BASE = theInternalUnsafe.staticFieldBase(field);
            MEMORY_ACCESS_WARNED_OFFSET = theInternalUnsafe.staticFieldOffset(field);
        } catch (Exception e) {
            throw new ExceptionInInitializerError(e);
        }
    }
    // set to true by first usage of memory-access method
    private static @Stable boolean memoryAccessWarned;

    private static boolean isMemoryAccessWarned() {
        return theInternalUnsafe.getBooleanVolatile(MEMORY_ACCESS_WARNED_BASE, MEMORY_ACCESS_WARNED_OFFSET);
    }

    private static boolean trySetMemoryAccessWarned() {
        return theInternalUnsafe.compareAndSetBoolean(MEMORY_ACCESS_WARNED_BASE, MEMORY_ACCESS_WARNED_OFFSET, false, true);
    }

    private static final MemoryAccessOption MEMORY_ACCESS_OPTION = MemoryAccessOption.value();

    /**
     * Invoked by all memory-access methods.
     */
    @ForceInline
    private static void beforeMemoryAccess() {
        if (MEMORY_ACCESS_OPTION == MemoryAccessOption.ALLOW) {
            return;
        }

        if (MEMORY_ACCESS_OPTION == MemoryAccessOption.WARN && isMemoryAccessWarned()) {
            // nothing to do if this is not the first usage
            return;
        }

        // warn && first usage, debug, or deny
        beforeMemoryAccessSlow();
    }

    private static void beforeMemoryAccessSlow() {
        assert MEMORY_ACCESS_OPTION != MemoryAccessOption.ALLOW;

        // stack trace without the frames for the beforeMemoryAccess methods
        List<StackWalker.StackFrame> stack = StackWalkerHolder.INSTANCE.walk(s ->
                s.dropWhile(f -> (f.getDeclaringClass() == Unsafe.class)
                                && f.getMethodName().startsWith("beforeMemoryAccess"))
                    .limit(32)
                    .toList()
        );

        // callerClass -> Unsafe.methodName
        String methodName = stack.get(0).getMethodName();
        Class<?> callerClass = stack.get(1).getDeclaringClass();

        switch (MEMORY_ACCESS_OPTION) {
            case WARN -> {
                if (trySetMemoryAccessWarned()) {
                    log(multiLineWarning(callerClass, methodName));
                }
            }
            case DEBUG -> {
                String warning = singleLineWarning(callerClass, methodName);
                StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder(warning);
                stack.stream()
                        .skip(1)
                        .forEach(f ->
                                sb.append(System.lineSeparator()).append("\tat " + f)
                        );
                log(sb.toString());
            }
            case DENY -> {
                throw new UnsupportedOperationException(methodName);
            }
        }
    }

    /**
     * Represents the options for the deprecated method-access methods.
     */
    private enum MemoryAccessOption {
        /**
         * Allow use of the memory-access methods with no warnings.
         */
        ALLOW,
        /**
         * Warning on the first use of a memory-access method.
         */
        WARN,
        /**
         * One-line warning and a stack trace on every use of a memory-access method.
         */
        DEBUG,
        /**
         * Deny use of the memory-access methods.
         */
        DENY;

        private static MemoryAccessOption defaultValue() {
            return WARN;
        }

        /**
         * Return the value.
         */
        static MemoryAccessOption value() {
            String value = VM.getSavedProperty("sun.misc.unsafe.memory.access");
            if (value != null) {
                return switch (value) {
                    case "allow" -> MemoryAccessOption.ALLOW;
                    case "warn"  -> MemoryAccessOption.WARN;
                    case "debug" -> MemoryAccessOption.DEBUG;
                    case "deny"  -> MemoryAccessOption.DENY;
                    default -> {
                        // should not happen
                        log("sun.misc.unsafe.memory.access ignored, value '" + value +
                                "' is not a recognized value");
                        yield defaultValue();
                    }
                };
            } else {
                return defaultValue();
            }
        }
    }

    /**
     * Holder for StackWalker that retains class references.
     */
    private static class StackWalkerHolder {
        static final StackWalker INSTANCE =
                StackWalker.getInstance(StackWalker.Option.RETAIN_CLASS_REFERENCE);
    }

    /**
     * Return the multi-line warning message for when the given class invokes the
     * given the Unsafe method.
     */
    private static String multiLineWarning(Class<?> callerClass, String methodName) {
        return String.format(
                """
                WARNING: A terminally deprecated method in sun.misc.Unsafe has been called
                WARNING: sun.misc.Unsafe::%s has been called by %s
                WARNING: Please consider reporting this to the maintainers of %s
                WARNING: sun.misc.Unsafe::%s will be removed in a future release""",
                methodName, callerAndLocation(callerClass), callerClass, methodName);
    }

    /**
     * Return the single-line warning message for when the given class invokes the
     * given the Unsafe method.
     */
    private static String singleLineWarning(Class<?> callerClass, String methodName) {
        return String.format("WARNING: sun.misc.Unsafe::%s called by %s",
                methodName, callerAndLocation(callerClass));
    }

    /**
     * Returns a string with the caller class and the location URL from the CodeSource.
     */
    private static String callerAndLocation(Class<?> callerClass) {
        CodeSource cs = callerClass.getProtectionDomain().getCodeSource();
        String who = callerClass.getName();
        if (cs != null && cs.getLocation() != null) {
            who += " (" + cs.getLocation() + ")";
        }
        return who;
    }

    /**
     * Prints the given message to the standard error.
     */
    private static void log(String message) {
        VM.initialErr().println(message);
    }
}